Python is a versatile, high-level, general-purpose programming language known for its readability and ease of use, making it a popular choice for beginners and experienced programmers alike.

Variables are certain memory locations allotted in the program to save data which are supposed to change over time. values are the data saved into the variables. in certain and situations, the values in the variables are not supposed to change during code execution. this value is called as constants. unlike most other languages, python doesn't have a way to declare a constant. so certain naming conventions are practiced to denote constant values.

They are keywords which are used to run a certain codeblock as long as a specific condition is satisfied.

Checks whether the condition is satisfied before running the code. if ... states the initial condition, elif... elif... elif... can be used to define alrenate conditions, if the primary condition is not satisfied, else... definea the action to be taken if none of the conditions are satisfied.

Checks whether the condition is satisfied before executing the code and loops through it as long as the condition remain satisfied. break and continue are some of the methods used in for loop to terminate and skip the repeating code, even while the condition for the codeblock is satisfied.

here, the variable which pass through incrementation each time the loop repeats, is known as iterator, which controls the condition for the code execution.

While loop is similar to for loop in most cases, but the major difference between them is, in for loop the iteration number is known or predictable and the number of times the code is repeated is predefined before executing the code. But in while loop, the number of times the code repeats is unknown and the code repeats as long as the condition is proved to be unsatisfiable.

Data types defines in which format the data we store into a variable is saved. Unlike other programming languages, in python, the interpreter and compiler can self distinguish the type of data we store into a variable, to an extent. we can also convert one data type into other in most cases, while it may sometimes alters the data itself. Different datatypes occupy different amount of storage space in bytes.

They are a set of predefined code, saved in a location, which does not execute on its own unless it is called upon in the main program.

A Python library is a collection of related modules. It contains bundles of code that can be used repeatedly in different programs. It makes Python Programming simpler and convenient for the programmer. As we don’t need to write the same code again and again for different programs.
In python, libraries are usually added to our main program by import keyword.

Lets try out a fun library this time. Open your Code Playground section and try out this code.

Python syntax is the set of rules that determine the structure and arrangement of code, including keywords, operators, indentation, and punctuation

OOP is an approach of generalizing a model that organizes the raw code, variables and related functions in a code, to the concept of objects, which can interact with each other.
It focuses on manupulating the objects rather than the logic that controls it. It is a complex approach and is suitable for large scale, complex programming like app development and machine learning.

Class - Categorizes datas and functions into groups which share similar logic, properties, and method of implementation.

Indexing refers to the process of accessing a specific element in a sequence, such as a string or list, using its position or index number. Indexing in Python starts at 0, which means that the first element in a sequence has an index of 0, the second element has an index of 1, and so on.

Usually used in conjunction with data handling modules like numpy, pandas, etc. to tabulate and creating datasets from it.

Used to parse and process json files, which is similar to the dictionaries in python.

They are open source python libraries made by independented python developers for advanced capabilities. They can be downloaded and imported from pypi.org website.

PIP is an inbuilt package installer of python which can conveniently install external python libraries from a terminal, updates existing ones and organise installed package libraries.

Git hub includes several standalone third party Repositories of python packages, developed by independent developers, providing a wide range of functionality and capabilities.

Conda is a cross-platform, language-agnostic package manager and environment management system, used for installing, updating, and managing software packages and their dependencies, particularly for data science and machine learning projects.

Pytest fixtures provide the contexts for tests by passing in parameter names in test cases; its parametrization eliminates duplicate code for testing multiple sets of input and output; and its rewritten assert statements provide detailed output for causes of failures.

Pykit aka Pyunit test is a built-in testing framework that provides a set of tools for testing our code’s functionality in a more systematic and organized manner. With pykit framework, we can create test cases, fixtures, and suites to verify if our code behaves as expected. It allows us to write test methods within classes that check different aspects of our code such as input, output, and edge cases. It also supports test discovery making it easy for us to automate test execution across our project.it comes especially handy when testing object oriented programmings.